bird-song.ch's forest birds

Bird	Description	Audio
improvised melodic
flourish
Common blackbird ■■	flourish improvised melodic slow low-high (1-7 KHz) . Other: Gut zu erkennen ist die Amsel. Sie singt melodiös, erklärt Heller, «zuerst flötend und dann gegen Schluss so schnirpslig». Die Amsel singe gerne dort, wo sie gut gehört werde, etwa vor Hauswänden, die den Schall nicht schlucken. Ich wollte schauen was schnirpslig heisst, aber diese ist diese einzige Verwendung, die Google kennt! Der flötende Teil ist relativ tief, 1.5-3 KHz, der schnirpslige aber 2.5-7 KHz. (Schnirpslig ist ein schones Wort das der Redner erfunden hat - Google findet nur diese eine Webseite mit dem Wort!) [Von der SRF Webseite:] Song: Melodisch flötend dazwischen auch zerquetschte Töne. Die Elemente werden nicht wiederholt. Singt von Singwarte aus. Ca. 100 verschiedene Strophentypen. [Link] One of the most appreciated song birds. Very melodious and resonant, with long mellow notes and a large register. Less high pitched sounds than Song Thrush, and seldom repeats a phrase. Timbre fuller than both Song Thrush and Mistle Thrush. Well defined pauses between phrases, giving the song a relaxed pace. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Common chaffinch ■■	stereotype melodic slow medium (1-5 KHz) . General: A medium long phrase that slowly descends (I think of it bouncing down a staircase), then usually takes a jump up before a final descent. Song: In Bavaria the mnemonic for the typical chaffinch song is: „Ich hätte gerne ein Weizenbier“, i.e. "I'd like another Weizenbier". [DasHaus] Song: Song a falling 5 sec. phrase "zitt-zitt-chep-chepp-chu-chu-churrurrwitt". Structurally similar to Willow Warbler, but with a conclusive, ascending and accented ending, and with a much harder, finch-like, timbre. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
Great tit ■■	simple rhythmic slow medium (1-5 KHz) . Said to have a repertoire as a species of 50 or more different songs, albeit simple ones, up to 10 per individual. Females prefer a male with a large repertoire. One two-note song sounds like a squeaky bed. Song: Nabu: Die erste Vogelart, die wir im Jahr hören, ist meistens die Kohlmeise mit ihrem typischen Läuten: "Zip Zäh" oder "Zip zip Zäh". [NABU Experte Lars Lachmann bei Deutschlandfunk Nova] Song highly variable, but usually consisting of two to three notes repeated in a motif. Same birds have many different motifs but generally repeat them many times before switching. Identified by its timbre and often metallic resonant quality, more than by actual phrasing (which is very variable). Often includes buzzing sounds in song. [Link]	♫
improvised melodic
fluting
European robin ■■	fluting improvised melodic fast high (3-9 KHz) . General: High pitched but also going low, e.g. 2.9-7.7 KHz. Song: Only for a short period in late summer while they are moulting and inconspicuous do robins stop singing. Both sexes sing. [RSPB article] Song: Song medium to very high pitched, with mostly clear tones with a liquid quality. Timbre reminiscent of Wren or Dunnock, but with a much more varied structure and tempo. Pitch ranges from very high to low, almost thrush-like, notes. No recognizable motifs. Often ends on a rising or falling pitch, giving it a "Chinese" accent. [Link]	♫
mimicry
Black cap warbler ■■	mimicry improvised melodic fast medium (2-5 KHz) . They sometimes sing like a blackbird on speed - also non-stereotypic, seemingly improvised, in short bursts. Our local guy ends most of his songs with the same seven notes, which I find a good way to confirm the identification. In Ticino we often heard the 'Leiern' sound - the warblers would sing just the first 3 notes of a longer song, then stop. The order varied; high-medium-low I call 'Figaro' as in the opera, low-high-medium 'whiskey bar', as it sounded to me like the Kurt Weill lyrics, 'O-oh-show me-the-way to-the-next whis-ke-bar' - but the warbler usually stopped after 'way' or 'next' The British authors of The Sound Approach claim to hear 'a warblel and a whistle'. Song: Mit schwätzendem Vorgesang, (kann auch kurz sein oder ganz fehlen) der dann in klare, kräftige, zum Ende hin in wehmütige Flötentöne übergeht (Überschlag) [Link] Song pleasing, varied and loud. Sometimes very similar to Garden Warbler. A typical phrase starts with soft, staccato chattering and mimicry, which after a few seconds changes to a much louder, pure and resonant stream of notes for about 3-5 seconds. No fixed motif, but may end phrases with recurring notes. Often deviates from the characteristic type of song, and identification from song alone may be impossible. May sing first part of song for extended periods without ever reaching the characteristic ending. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
Common chiffchaff ■■	simple rhythmic slow high (3-9 KHz) . Seems to consist of 3 notes repeated randomly, occasionally just 2 notes. Though NABU.de says they stop singing at the end of July, I do hear their 3-note song occasionally in October, but just one or two repetitions. Song: [Translated from German:] From the middle of August till the end of September the chiffchaff offers regular autumn song. [Link] Lange Reihen (6-20) von „zilp-zalp“-Rufen, meist abwechselnd in Tonhöhe. (Als bemühe sich der Sänger vergeblich den ersten Ton wieder zu treffen , ohne jedoch weit zu verfehlen.) „Zins zahl, Zins zahl, zahl Zins, Zins Zins zahl“ („Zins“ etwas höher als „zahl“) [Link] Song a very distinct: "chiff-chaff-chiff-chiff-chaff-chiff", in a regular clock-like rhythm. Each syllable at seemingly random pitch, but no large intervals tonally. Sometimes "get stuck" at one note. [Link]	♫
Common firecrest ■■	simple rhythmic fast high (6-8 KHz) . Very high rhythmic repetition of about 3 seconds Song: Wie [beim Wintergoldhähnchen] aber auf gleicher Tonhöhe bleibend. [Link] Song: Similar in timbre to Goldcrest, but much more monotonous. [Link]	♫
improvised melodic
swoop
Song thrush ■■	swoop improvised melodic slow low-high (2-9 KHz) . Paced like a blackbird, humorous mix of elements like a nightingale. Huge range, elements from 2-5 KHz, others 6.5-9 KHz. Can sing for up to 50 minutes, and a male may know 100 melodies in its repertoire. Song: Klangfarbe ähnlich obiger Art [Amsel], aber jedes Element 2-4mal wiederholt, Pausen zwischen den Phrasen.(klingt oft wie „Philipp“, oder „Judith“) Einzige Drossel unseres Gebietes die diese Wiederholungen macht. Singt oft nicht von Baumspitze aus, sondern aus dem Geäst. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Goldcrest ■■	stereotype melodic slow high (6-8 KHz) . Vogelwarte.ch says high-pitched song that gently rises and falls. This song starts out with a repeated note. [Link] Song: Kurze Reihe von sehr hohen, leisen Tönen in auf-absteigender Tonhöhe, an das „W“-im Namen erinnernd. [Link] Song: a very high-pitched, undulating series of arpeggiated notes moving down and up again, repeated 4-5 times ending with a marked "conclusion" (like "trying to start a tiny motor and failing"). Timbre of song similar to contact call. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
trill
Eurasian blue tit ■■	trill simple rhythmic slow high (3-9 KHz) . General: High-pitched, often descending (hhll), occasionally ascending. "Christina compares it to a ping-pong ball dropping. [In Januar singt die Kohlmeise als erster Vogel in Deutschland], dann kommt die Blaumeise dazu. Song: Song: Characteristic, clear, high-pitched, vibrating call. Usually introduced by a couple of accenting syllables, followed by ringing vibrating notes: "ti ti chuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhu". [Link]	♫
Common wood pigeon ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Song: Gu-guh-guh-guh guh-gugugu –gu. „ Hansruedi wo geisch hi, ga Thun, was ga mache, ga Mähl hole, wiviel, es mutt“ [Link] Song a 5 syllable cooing phrase, with emphasis on first syllable (1.st also higher pitched). Fift syllable functions as an introduction to next phrase. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
trill, rasp
European greenfinch ■■	trill, rasp stereotype melodic fast low-high (2-7 KHz) . General: Sequence of 4-6 rhythmic elements at different pitches. A sort of trill is often start or end of the sequence, there are slides. Song: Song composed of various sequences of linked sounds, repeated in a vibrating manner; "trrrrrrrrr", "chechechecheche". Sometimes resembles Brambling when making the wheezy "rrrrrrrrr" sound, but differs in being harsher and by "pulling" the pitch downwards (or sometimes upwards) at the end. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
slur
Coal tit ■■	slur simple rhythmic fast high (3-9 KHz) . Higher-pitched than great tit, with more slurs instead of pure notes. Usually 2 or 3 notes in varied order. To me it seems they have a repertoire of songs, like their 'big brothers', the great tits. Song: Song: Various repeated motifs, consisting of two to three notes with alternating accents. Slightly similar to Great Tit, but faster, not so metallic and with a less full tone. Can be mistaken for Marsh Tit when singing single or double notes, but tone is softer and notes more clearly separated (if disyllabic). [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Dunnock ■■	stereotype melodic fast high (4-8 KHz) . General: High-pitched, repetitive but complex little tune. Song: Melodisch, slowly rising, roughly like black-cap warbler, which I guessed in the bird-song.ch quiz. [Link] Song: Singt schon im Vorfrühling. Klangfarbe ähnlich Gartenbaumläufer. Aufbau ähnlich Zaunkönig, aber ohne Triller. Viel leiser und dünner. [Link] Song a fast and evenly paced, high pitched stream of clear notes. No consistent phrasing. Similar in timbre to Robin, but does not vary tempo or pitch nearly as much. Often compared to the sound of a squeaky wheelbarrow. [Link]	♫
non-musical
mimicry, cawing
Eurasian jay ■■	mimicry, cawing non-musical fast medium (1-5 KHz) . Harsh crow-like call, or quiet questioning, 'grumbling', or plaintive cries. Song: Quiet and varied subsong with mimicry, resembling a small passerine heard from both sexes. [Link]	♫
improvised melodic
whoop, weird, mimicry
Common starling ■■	whoop, weird, mimicry improvised melodic slow medium (1-5 KHz) . I find their individual song amusing, with its (long) whoops and weird noises. As a group, they're just noisy! Song: Song a highly varied mix of falling whistles, bill-clappering and various masterful mimicry. [Link]	♫
trill
Eurasian wren ■■	trill improvised melodic fast high (3-9 KHz) . High-pitched, melodic, very variable with many trills and whistles. Song: Auffällig laut für den kleinen Vogel. Singt auch im Winter! Schmetternd, mit einem bis zwei Trillern als letztes oder vorletztes Glied. [Link] Song surprisingly loud. A high-pitched stream of clear notes resembling Robin and Dunnock in timbre. Differs from those in showing frequent shifts in pitch with much larger register than Dunnock, and by the unique, numerous, interspersed long trills. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
Marsh tit ■■	simple rhythmic fast low-high (2-10 KHz) . Higher-pitched than great tit, sometimes repetitive 1- and 2-note tunes like them, sometimes simple melodies, usually pure, sometimes chirpy or raspy. BirdID at Nord U says 'Song: A simple one or two note call repeated in series. Usually rising slightly in pitch, and with a "liquid" quality.'. At bird-song.ch it's hl-rest-hl, or 7-8 2-noter swoops. bird-song.ch names lh-break-hl as a pistjä call and also has a series of 7 or 8 falling 'swoops'. Song: Klapperlied - 6-8 Noten 'angeschlagen' Klapperlied. Reihe (6-8) weich angeschlagene Töne mittlerer Höhe. Ähnlich der Klappergrasmücke aber weicher. (Sumpf ist weich) Oft auch Rufe wie „psja“ zu hören. Ziemlich scharf u. gepresst. [Link]	♫
one note
European nuthatch ■■	one note fast medium (1-5 KHz) . Song: Song a simple series of loud notes [Link] Song: Other: The song is very variable, with rising and falling notes, sometimes with repetition of excitement calls. [Link] The song is a slow whistled pee-pee-pee with many variants, including a faster version, and may be intermingled with the call. [Link] Other: Song a simple series of loud notes. [Link] Song a simple series of loud notes. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Redwing down 6+chattering ■■	stereotype melodic slow medium (3-5 KHz) . Song delivered in two parts. First a simple, melodic phrase of 3 - 6 notes, usually followed by a more silent, indistinct, fast and less melodic, chattering sequence. First part highly variable from place to place, but constant in individuals. [Link] Song: Song delivered in two parts. [Link]	♫
one note
Western bonelli's warbler ■■	one note fast high (3-7 KHz) . Single note repeated 6 or 8 times quickly in half a second Song: Reihe(5-10) von gleichhohen Schlägen, ähnlich dem Schwirren der obigen Art [Waldlaubsänger], aber langsamer, einzelne Töne deutlich getrennt, etwas scheppernd. Kann mit Klappergrasmücke verwechselt werden) [Link]	♫
non-musical
mimicry, cawing
Spotted nutcracker ■■	mimicry, cawing non-musical slow low-high (1-10 KHz) . Grehh, grehh, grehh!! Song: Song a quiet improvisation of whistling and clappering sounds, interspersed with mimicry of other birds. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
whoop, trill
Tree pipit ■■	whoop, trill simple rhythmic slow medium (1-5 KHz) . Reminds me of a greenfinch - series of trills, whoops and other sounds with a long pause Song: Mehrere unterschiedliche Tonreihen aneinandergefügt. Zuletzt „zia zia zia ziah“. Zuerst auf Baum sitzend, dann im Singflug, Zia-Rufe während Gleitflug (Fallschirmvogel) [Link] Song characteristic. Starts with a series of Chaffinch-like "che-che-che" which gives way to long, descending, "ricocheting" whistling notes (especially at the end of song-flight). [Link]	♫
trill
Lesser whitethroat ■■	trill simple rhythmic slow medium (3-5 KHz) . Song typically consists of two parts. An indistinct chattering and warbling, subsong-like part similar to [common] Whitethroat, which is usually followed by a dry, fast and rattling trill. The trill carries much further than the chattering part. May be difficult to identify if trill is omitted. [Link] Song: Klappernd. (Müllerchen) An Berglaubsänger erinnernd. Klappertöne (5-8) Aber oft mit leisem schwatzendem Vorgesang, der fehlen kann. Kann auch an Sumpfmeise erinnern, doch sind bei dieser die Klappertöne mehr von oben her angeschlagen. [Link] Song typically consists of two parts. An indistinct chattering and warbling, subsong-like part similar to Whitethroat, which is usually followed by a dry, fast and rattling trill. The trill carries much further than the chattering part. May be difficult to identify if trill is omitted. [Link]	♫
rasp
Brambling ■■	rasp simple rhythmic slow medium (1-5 KHz) . General: Bergfink - call cheep plus two ascending Grünfink squawks. Song? Grünfink squawk but not descending, every 3-4 seconds. Song: Song very distinct; a soft, wheezing, drawn-out single note. Repeated at the same pitch in a monotonous manner. [Link] Song: Song very distinct; a soft, wheezing, drawn-out single note. Repeated at the same pitch in a monotonous manner. [Link]	♫
non-musical
rattle
Mistle thrush ■■	rattle non-musical fast low-high (2-9 KHz) . Song: Gesang ähnlich Amsel, aber eintöniger mit geringerem Tonumfang [auch kürzer, kein schnirpsliges Ende -- Bill] [Link] Song: Gesang ähnlich dem der Amsel, aber weniger abwechslungsreich und melancholisch, fast weinerlich klingend. Meist von Tannenspitze aus. [Link] Song loud, far reaching and melodic. Most similar to Blackbird, but pitch is higher, phrases shorter (3-6 notes) and most notably, pauses between phrases are much shorter. All which gives the song a much more hurried feel than that of the Blackbird. Timbre is thinner and slightly shivering, and tonal range more limited. May have recurring favourite motifs, but does not repeat phrases like Song Thrush. Sometimes adds higher pitched parts and imitations. [Link]	♫
rasp
Fieldfare ■■	rasp non-musical slow medium (1-6 KHz) . BirdID says song a mix of dry contact calls, BirdLife that it's almost only heard in flight. The XC recording is a bit of a chuckle to me. Song: Gesang nicht melodisch,aus gepressten, quietschenden Tönen bestehend, fast nur im Flug vorgetragen. [Link] Song a mix of dry contact calls; "trrrt trrrrt", and high pitched, drawn out, chattering improvisations. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Red crossbill ■■	stereotype melodic slow low-high (2-10 KHz) . Repeated hi-low pattern...well, doesn't always sound like that. The very short beginning of my Stazersee recording before the static sets in does, as well as a song found online. One recording reminds me of cicada sounds. Song: The song consist of improvised, resonant twittering, and series of contact calls with no apparent phrases. It is generally faster, with less marked pauses than in Parrot Crossbill, and the phrasing seems more random. [Link]	♫
Eurasian golden oriole ■■	stereotype melodic slow low (0-1 KHz) . A soft, lowish whistling. In my opinion, the golden oriole has a beautiful voice, but no imagination as to melody - it's always the same few notes. Song: Varied repertoire, but song and common contact call very distinct. Song a series of 1-2 seconds long phrases of 3-5 yodeling, clear, fluting notes, interspersed with 2-3 second pauses. Tone very full-bodied, melodic and pleasing. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
Willow tit ■■	simple rhythmic slow high (3-7 KHz) . Songs I've heard alternate two notes and look like a sine wave on the sonogram. Vogelwarte.ch: Apart from minor differences in diet and size, Alpine Tit and Willow Tit can only be identified by their song. The Willow Tit utters a series of long, descending notes («tyoo tyoo tyoo tyoo»), whereas the Alpine Tit’s territorial song consists of short notes on an even pitch («dee dee dee dee dee»). See more here. Song: 1.Gesangstyp: „ziü ziü ziü „ etwas wehmütig, die einzelnen Töne leicht absinkend, nicht klappernd. Bei Unterart Alpenmeise auf gleicher Höhe bleibend. 2.Gesangstyp: variable, schwätzende, helle Folge m. trillerndem Schluss. [Link] Song: One or two soft, clear, melancholic notes repeated in a slow, even rhythm. At first rising slightly in pitch, then gradually falling. In some areas song is evenly pitched. [Link]	♫
Tawny owl ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Song: Song a resonant descending "hoooooo". After 2-3 sec. [Link]	♫
sings 30 seconds or longer
mimicry
Eurasian siskin ■■	mimicry sings 30 seconds or longer fast high (3-9 KHz) . bird-song.ch sagt Gesang zwitschernd und trillernd und aehnlich wie Girlitz - ich finde auch, es hat das hohe chaotische von den mit ab und zu was rohem. [Link] Song: Distinct calls and song. The contact call is also prominent in the improvised song. Other typical sounds in the song includes a peculiar wheeze, like someone sucking their teeth, and lots of expert mimicry. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Long-tailed tit Diddly doot-doot-doot-doot ■■	stereotype melodic slow high (3-9 KHz) . General: Meistens hoert man das Pfief...chk..chk..Pfief von den Rufen, siehe dort. Song: Nabu: Der Gesang ist ein feines Trillern und selten zu hören (someone at XenoCanto compares it to a blue tit trill). [Link] Song: Song: high tsee-tsee; funny downhill trill	♫
simple rhythmic
slur
European crested tit ■■	slur simple rhythmic fast high (3-9 KHz) . Higher-pitched than great tit - how distinguish from coal tit, etc? Song: Song: an improvisation over previously described calls. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Short-toed treecreeper 'short song in the gar-DEN' ■■	stereotype melodic slow high (4-7 KHz) . General: It sounds to me like a 5-7 note song like 'five k low high higher', 'short song in the gar-DEN'. The individual notes have the same backward checkmark shape as the call. It's basically the same across Europe. Song: The song of the nominate subspecies is an evenly spaced sequence of notes teet-teet-teet-e-roi-tiit. [Link] Its song is short, loud and rhythmic. [Link] [In comparison with the visually similar Eurasian treecreeper, it] has a clearer, louder more staccato contact call of ‘sreet’ or ‘sree’ and a short ‘wit’ during normal activity [Link] Song: Kurz u. bündig! (Gartenwege sind kurz.) Tonreihe am Schluss ansteigend. „Hesch du gseh woni bi? [Link]	♫
Eurasian treecreeper Sagging tree branch ■■	stereotype melodic slow medium (1-5 KHz) . I say: it sounds like a faster higher chaffinch song. Wikipedia says: The male's song begins with srrih, srrih followed in turn by a few twittering notes, a longer descending ripple, and a whistle that falls and then rises. Song: Lang u. klar! (Waldwege sind lang). Tonreihe im Ganzen absinkend, nur letzter Ton höher. [Link] Song a short, continuous three-part phrase. [Link]	♫
Middle spotted woodpecker ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Song: Im Gegensatz zu anderen Spechten trommelt der Mittelspecht nur sehr selten. [Link] Song is a series of short, mewing and nasal "peeaa peeaa peeaa ", where each syllable quickly rises in pitch, but the overall phrase is fairly constant. [Link]	♫
Black woodpecker ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Song: Beide Geschlechter ähnlich Grünspecht aber klangvoller. „klückklückklück“ 10-20 Laute. Die „klück“ werden etwas von unten heraufgeholt, vor allem gegen den Schluss zu. Häufiger hört man „kliüüh“ von am Stamme sitzenden Vogel. Bei Platzwechsel ruft er „krükrükrü“. [Link] Song a quick series of "klee" calls resembling Green Woodpecker, but with a purer tone and upward infliction at end of each syllable. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
drumming
Grey-headed woodpecker ■■	drumming simple rhythmic fast medium (0-4 KHz) . Drumming in lieu of song. Fast, constant, somehow less harsh than great and middle spotted woodpeckers. Song: Deutlich abfallende Tonreihe. 4-10 Töne. Absinken beginnt gewöhnlich erst mit dem dritten oder vierten Ton und wird etwas langsamer. Klingt etwas klagend (moll). Vor allem gegen den Schluss. Kann nachgepfiffen werden. (beim Grünspecht nicht ) [Link]	♫
Common cuckoo ■■	simple rhythmic slow low (0-1 KHz) . Two-noter Song: Männchen: Unverwechselbarer Ruf. Weibchen: im Frühling eine kichernde Rufreihe, [Link] Song: the well known disyllabic "cuck-coo" with emphasis on first note, and the second note a third lower than the first one. Also a harsh "tchaa tchaa", and a bubbly trill, reminiscent of Little Grebe, uttered by the female. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Eurasian bullfinch ■■	stereotype melodic slow low-high (2-8 KHz) . 3-note long M, pause, HL (somewhat falling)...Gim! Gim-peeel! Sounds a bit like a pirol. Song: Song a quiet, modest mix of contact call and various chirping sounds, with peculiar harmonics. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
trill
Wood warbler ■■	trill simple rhythmic fast high (5-8 KHz) . Sid-sid-sid-sirrrr. 3 secs, then 5 secs pause. At bird-song.ch I hear a slow-fast one-noter, about 8 slow ones in 1.5 seconds, then a trill of 25 fast ones. Song: kurze Reihe (4-10) v. Stakkatotönen, gefolgt von abfallendem Schwirrroller. (Tönt wie das Anlassen eines Velosolex) Während des Gesanges schwebender Schwirrflug. Dazu hört man eine Reihe angenehmer Pfeiflaute wie „djü“ [Link] Song distinct. An accelerating series of sharp, metallic "swee-swee-swee-swee". Alternative (piping) song a series of 4-6 piping, plaintive and descending "pew - pew" calls. Resembles Willow Tit's song, but is softer with each note more evenly pitched. Contact call similar to individual syllables of piping song, but with heavier accent on the ending. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
European pied flycatcher Schwarzer Kopf aber nicht traurig ■■	stereotype melodic fast high (3-10 KHz) . Nice short melody, often with 2-note parts. Blackbird-like but little variation (though differs in dialect). Song: Song a pleasant, tuneful, simple but varied phrase. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
Nightjar ■■	simple rhythmic fast medium (2-4 KHz) . Buzzing like machinery or a (BirdID says) a cricket. Changes pitch at times. Song: Song unique among birds, but quite similar to Mole cricket. A mechanical, continuous slur, like the sound of a distant motorbike. As opposed to the Mole Cricket, it often "shifts gear" by changing pitch to a note approximately a fourth below the drone. [Link]	♫
Ring ouzel ■■	simple rhythmic slow medium (1-5 KHz) . BirdID says Song a primitive, plaintive series of short phrases, often with only 1-2 syllables (I heard 2-3 in Amden, sometimes chirpy, sometimes less musical). Song: Habe mit dem Buntspecht verwechselt - Ringdrossel singt 2-3 Noten - hilft das? [Link] Song a primitive, plaintive series of short phrases. Often with only one or two syllables. Interspersed with eerie, higher pitched sounds, reminiscent of Song Thrush. [Link]	♫

Practice

Birds with insufficient information about songs/calls

Bird	Description	Audio
non-musical
drumming
Great spotted woodpecker ■■	drumming non-musical fast low (1-3 KHz) . Song: Other: ‘Drumming’ is the sound that Great Spotted Woodpeckers make by hammering their bills against dead wood 10-20 times over 2-3 seconds. The sound resonates in the dead wood and can be heard over large distances. This drumming acts as an advert and is used by Great spotted Woodpeckers and other woodpecker species instead of a song. [From the GardenBird web site] Nabu: Manchmal, bei strahlendem Sonnenschein, fangen die Spechte schon im Dezember an zu trommeln. [NABU Vogel des Jahres 1997] Call: Nabu: Das bekannteste Geräusch des schwarz-weißen Spechtes ist aber wohl sein kurzes, aber häufiges Trommeln. [Link] In a sonogram I can see about 13 taps in just over half a second, but you can never distinguish so many. It's short but intense, and the second half trails off, especially contrasted with the constant drumming of the three-toed woodpecker. [[Listen here.]] Call: Typically it lasts 0.5 seconds, sometimes slightly longer. Contact call frequently hear throughout the year. A short hiccup "kek", sometimes in series. When excited this may escalate into a trill. [Link]	♫
Common buzzard ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Most typical call a wailing, mewing "peeoooo". Quite similar to Rough-legged Buzzard, but the pitch falls more rapidly and is then sustained for the last part of the call. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
drumming
Lesser spotted woodpecker ■■	drumming simple rhythmic fast medium (0-4 KHz) . Drumming in lieu of song. Fast, constant. Call: Most common call a series of merlin-like "ke-ke-ke-ke-ke-ke" given at fairly stable pitch, and less hoarse than Merlin. Differs from Wryneck in lacking marked rise and fall in pitch, and being less plaintive. [Link]	♫
Jackdaw ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Nabu: Ein hartes „kjack“ oder „schack“ sowie ein raues „tschräh“ hört man am häufigsten von der Dohle. Sie ist ein begabtes Stimmwunder und hat eine Vielzahl von Lauten und Imitationen auf Lager. [Link] meist angenehm klingende, kurze Rufe: "kja", oft mehrfach wiederholt, härteres "kjack!" oder gezogenes "kjaar". [Link]	♫
Hawfinch ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Most typical call a sharp and explosive "tzek", with abrupt, emphasized, cut-off ending. Quite similar to Robin, but harder, with each syllable marginally longer with a slightly wheezing timbre. Repetitions are slower and more singular than Robin. Diagnostic when interspersed with high frequency notes. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
drumming
Eurasian three-toed woodpecker ■■	drumming simple rhythmic fast low (1-3 KHz) . Fast drumming, constant volume, longer than great spotted woodpecker's.	♫
Common raven ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording	♫
Eurasian woodcock ■■ Info about calls, not song!!	Call: Flies above treetops while calling with 3-5 deep croaking grunts, followed by an explosive high-pitched sneeze, "psst". [Link]
Long-eared owl ■■ Info about calls, not song!!
Eurasian pygmy-owl ■■ Info about calls, not song!!	Call: Calls in a clear voice, like a straight note blown on a recorder. Each note often followed by a rhythmic, trisyllabic accent a whole tone deeper than the first note. [Link]
Hazel grouse ■■	Song: Song an extremely high pitched whistle; "piuuuuuuuiiii pju pju pju". [Link]
Eurasian eagle-owl ■■	Song: Song a very deep "ooho". Continuous, but disyllabic. First syllable emphasized and second syllable rapidly falling in pitch. Quite similar to Long-eared Owl, but deeper and with more pronounced pitch change at end ("release"). [Link]
Boreal owl ■■ Info about calls, not song!!