Bird call classifiers

Decision table for identifying bird calls

Bird	Description	Audio

Eurasian penduline-tit ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Call a sharp clear high pitched whistle "pju-eee-uu", with the middle part accented and with a raised pitch Or just an all descending whistle "pjuuuuuuu". [Link]	♫
Ortolan bunting ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Calls: a vaguely House Sparrow-like "chepp", with a ringing quality, and a sharper cut-off "zeep". [Link]	♫
Northern wheatear ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: „Tschack“ auch „hiit“ (saugend) [Link] Contact and alarm call a high pitched, sharp "weet", followed by a hard "check", like hitting two rocks together. The "weet" sound is much sharper than the similar sound in Whinchat and Stonechat. Wheater usually repeats the "weet" sound more frequently than the "check" sound. The "check" of Stonechat is less pure and more gritty. [Link]	♫
one note
rasp
Spotted nutcracker ■■	rasp one note slow low-high (1-10 KHz) . - alarm callLike crow or its cousin the Eurasian jay (Eichelhaeher). Call: Warning call a characteristic dry and rasping "karrr karrr karr" in even pitch. [Link]


European serin ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Ringing trill also used as contact call, with slightly falling pitch "trrilrlitlitlit". Alarm call a short, redpoll-like "weee-eeet", with an accented high-pitched middle part. [Link]	♫
Tree pipit ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: “psiet“ etwas nach unten gezogen. Auch „zieh“ [Link] Flight call a short buzzing "tzzzeet". Given at even pitch, and in a fuller tone than Red-Throated Pipit. [Link]	♫
Meadow pipit ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: fast tonlos „ist, ist.“ [Link] Contact call a short "eest". Similar to Rock Pipit but shorter,cleaner and most often in quick series. Warning call a sharp, high pitched "tzeet". Also a rattling "trrrrt". [Link]	♫
one note
whoop, sputter/pebble-clatter
Black redstart ■■	whoop, sputter/pebble-clatter one note slow medium (4-5 KHz) . XC560014 matches exactly what BirdID describes: 'Alarm call is a chat-like alternation between short, high-pitched "wit" sounds, and series of hard and dry "teck".' The high-pitched call I heard recently was between 5 and 6 KHz, which could help to distinguish between other birds with a deeper voice. The whooping call is sometimes listed as an alarm call. Call: „hüid-tze“ das tze deutlich tiefer. [Link] Alarm call is a chat-like alternation between short, high-pitched "wit" sounds, and series of hard and dry "teck". [Link]	♫
whoop
Common redstart ■■	whoop one note slow medium (2-5 KHz) . - contact callAt least in French, this is called the huit call. Not very consistent in tone from one note to another. Some stick to 3-4 or 3-4.5 KHz, others 2.5-5.5. Call: „Füid-tack“ das füid ähnlich dem des Fitislaubsängers, das tack schnalzend. (wie wenn man die Zunge schnell vom Gaumen abzieht) [Link] Alarm call a slightly drawn, Willow Warbler-like "huit" with a rising pitch, followed by a short, soft "tuc". [Link]	♫
sputter/pebble-clatter
Lesser whitethroat ■■	sputter/pebble-clatter one note slow low-high (2-7 KHz) . BirdID says: Warning call a hard "check" similar to Blackcap but slightly softer Call: „tze“ oder „tett“ [Link] Warning call a hard "check" similar to Blackcap but slightly softer. [Link]	♫
Black cap warbler ■■	sputter/pebble-clatter one note slow high (3-9 KHz) . General: Sputtery/stoney, but may have other calls too. Call: The Blackcap may generate a perplexing variety of territorial calls, though the typical contact call is a hard, tongue-clicking "teck teck" which has a scolding quality to it. It's not dissimilar to the 'pebble-clacking' call of the Stonechat. [Suffex Wildlife Trust] Call: „täck“ oft wiederholt [Link] Alarm call a hard "check", similar to Lesser White-throat. Sometimes with an additional hoarse and nasal "cherrrr". [Link]	♫


Stonechat ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: hart „track“ oder „fiet-track-track“ [Link] Alarm call an alternation of a high-pitched "weet" and a hard "check", like other chats. The "weet" is much higher pitched than the similar call of Whinchat, and Stonechat repeats the "check" more frequently. [Link]	♫
Whinchat ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: „teck, teck“ (ähnlich wie wenn man zwei Steine zusammen schlägt) [Link] Contact call resembles many of it relatives. A short, soft "peeu", followed by a hard "check" (like hitting two rocks together). [Link]	♫
one note

Common kingfisher ■■	one note slow high (5-7 KHz) . Common kingfisher call from Xeno-Canto, similar to one from NABU app. Fairly high pitched single chirps or occasional high-low pairs. Call: Wikipedia says 'The common kingfisher has no song. The flight call is a short, sharp whistle chee repeated two or three times. Anxious birds emit a harsh, shrit-it-it and nestlings call for food with a churring noise.' The NABU app only has calls, which seems to confirm this. Therefore I'm classifying all recordings as calls, even though some say Song at Xeno-Canto. [Link] Most heard is the thin and penetrating contact call: A short "tzee", or disyllabic "tzee-tzu", with a ringing metallic quality. In excitement it is often alternated with ringing trills "tzeerrrrrrrrrr". [Link]	♫


Eurasian coot ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Most diagnostic call a very short, sharp and explosive "tsk". Sometimes a longer, less sharp but nasal "caw", with varying harshness. [Link]	♫
one note
rasp, swoop
European greenfinch ■■	rasp, swoop one note slow medium (1-5 KHz) . Raspy descending note Call: Contact call a fairly resonant "chep-chep", resembling Redpoll, but less nasal and with a fuller tone. Also a sharp, drawn, ascending "kooeee", (perhaps not obviously recognized as a finch). [Link]	♫


Brambling ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Contact calls include a short, nasal, ascending "keeaa", a short high-pitched, piercing "tzeet" and a linnet-like "chepp". May be mistaken for Greenfinch, but note softer timbre and stable pitch throughout the call. [Link]	♫
one note

Song thrush ■■	one note slow high (7-10 KHz) . - contact callOne or two high chirps followed by long pause of 1-2 seconds Call: Rufe :“zipp“, oft beim abfliegen. [Link] Most heard (but easily overlooked) contact call is a dry and very short "zip", sometimes given as a two syllable call "zip-ip". [Link]	♫
non-musical
rattle
Mistle thrush ■■	rattle non-musical fast low-high (2-9 KHz) . General: I mistook this one for a woodpecker the first time I heard it, partly because BirdNet also did! Rattle generated in vocal tract, not with the beak! Call: Rufe:schnarrend „kerr“, daneben „tück-tück-tück“ [Link] Other calls; a dry rattle, likened to the sound of a piece of wood drawn over a coarse comb, and a Fieldfare-like "chuck". [Link]


Redwing ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Contact call a thin, drawn and sharp "sreee". Often heard at night during migration. Alarm call harder, dryer and more raucous than other thrushes. [Link]	♫
Fieldfare ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Schackernd, ähnlich obiger Art [Misteldrossel], aber weicher. Am Brutplatz raue krächzende Rufe. [Link] Scolding call a hard "check", often given in decelerating series. Contact call in migration a soft, pleasant but, buzzy "weet". Typically bursts into continuos, squeaky chattering at takeoff. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
weird
Jackdaw ■■	weird simple rhythmic fast low (1-3 KHz) . Strange tone, Almost barking or a gull cry. Call: Nabu: Ein hartes „kjack“ oder „schack“ sowie ein raues „tschräh“ hört man am häufigsten von der Dohle. Sie ist ein begabtes Stimmwunder und hat eine Vielzahl von Lauten und Imitationen auf Lager. [Link] meist angenehm klingende, kurze Rufe: "kja", oft mehrfach wiederholt, härteres "kjack!" oder gezogenes "kjaar". [Link]	♫

Bearded reedling ■■	simple rhythmic fast high (3-7 KHz) . - songChirping Call: Usually identified by contact call; a ringing, explosive "tschin" with a characteristic "dirty" timbre. Also a hard and very short "pit", often mixed with the previous. [Link]	♫


Common whitethroat ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: heiser, etwas nasal „wäd“ warnt m.“tschähr“. [Link] Warning call a harsh, drawn "weeet", usually with accented ending, sometimes rising abruptly in pitch. [Link]	♫
Water pipit ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: „fist“, etwas rauer als bei obiger Art [Wiesenpieper]. [Link] Contact call sharper and more drawn. [Link]	♫
one note

Hawfinch ■■	one note fast high (4-8 KHz) . Found no references to song Call: Most typical call a sharp and explosive "tzek", with abrupt, emphasized, cut-off ending. Quite similar to Robin, but harder, with each syllable marginally longer with a slightly wheezing timbre. Repetitions are slower and more singular than Robin. Diagnostic when interspersed with high frequency notes. [Link]	♫
non-musical

Great egret ■■	non-musical slow low (1-3 KHz) . Partly an awkward quack: uck uck. Rattles. Deep-toned urrr. Higher-toned trill. Call: In colonies various harsh calls like a dry, and mechanical "kerrrrrrr", and a very nasal "geet" or "ga-geet ga-geet" are heard. [Link]	♫
Little bittern ■■	non-musical slow low (1-3 KHz) . Almost a bark, low-pitched, little treble. Call: Flight-call a sharp "ki-ke-ke" or a nasal "ke". [Link]
Great bittern ■■	non-musical slow low (1-3 KHz) . A little buzz/beep that sounds more like an appliance or app. Call: Flight call a deep croaking "graat". [Link]


Goldcrest ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: 'sisisi' [Link] Contact call a very high pitched "zit zit zit", only similar to Firecrest and treecreepers. Treecreepers usually calls with longer "zzzziiiiit" repeated at regular intervals, while Goldcrest calls in phrases with two to four calls in series in an uneven rhythm. Firecrest contact calls lower pitched than Goldcrest, and in a softer tone (but quite similar). [Link]	♫
one note
swoop
Marsh tit ■■	swoop one note slow high (6-9 KHz) . Falling note, relatively long, sometimes repeated - like the pee below without the choo? Call: Most typical call an explosive, sneeze-like "pee-choo", starting high-pitched and ending on a lower note. Error loading Flash for sound! See sound file . [Link]	♫


Yellowhammer ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: „zick“ „zeck“ [Link] Distinct contact call: A short and brittle "zeet", rich in harmonics. [Link]	♫
Cirl bunting ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Sehr ähnlich denen der obigen Art [Goldammer]. [Link] Alarm call a thin "tseeep", similar to Rock Bunting, but more drawn out. [Link]	♫
Eurasian skylark ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Most typical flight call a short trilling "chirrup", with the end note noticeably lower pitched than the start. Also several other more cryptic calls. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic

European goldfinch ■■	stereotype melodic fast low-high (2-8 KHz) . Wild melody (remember these birds are also kept as songbirds in cages. the German name Stieglitz imitates its call (sti-ge-lit) - though I don't hear that! [Link] Call: Other calls: A harsh budgerigar or house martin-like "trrrtt-trrrrt". [Link]	♫


Red crossbill ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Contact call similar to Parroy Crossbill's "tupp", but is on average higher and less powerful, with a "cut-off" ending. In sum: Parrot Crossbill; hard attack, soft ending, Crossbill: softer attack, cut-off ending. Beware regional variations and overlap in pitch of calls with Parrot. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic

Eurasian golden oriole ■■	simple rhythmic slow medium (1-5 KHz) . 3 somewhat harsh ascending notes, more melodic than a Eurasian jay call Call: Flötenrufen Oft wird der Gesang allerdings vom Star treffend ähnlich nachgeahmt. [Link] Contact call surprisingly different: A forced, drawn "weeackt", slightly resembling Jay, but less harsh, and much more nasal. Other sounds include a Wryneck-like warning call. [Link]	♫


Willow tit ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Folge v. etwas heiser näselnden „zi zi dääh dääh. (einmalige Laute) [Link] Call: Most characteristic call a frequently uttered, nasal "ti ti chaa chaa chaa". First notes high pitched and the following lower, coarse, nasal and drawn. Sometimes uttered without the introductory high pitched notes. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
whoop
Willow warbler ■■	whoop simple rhythmic slow medium (2-4 KHz) . - contact callWhoop very similar to chiffchaff, etc. but starts at an even level, then ascends. Call: ähnlich oben, aber mehr zweisilbig [Link] Contact/alarm call a soft, plaintive ascending "hoo-eet". Similar to Chiff-chaff, but first part more drawn, giving it a disyllabic feel. [Link]	♫


Garden warbler ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Alarm call a hard "check", and a hoarse "tcherr". [Link]	♫
Eurasian reed warbler ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Rufe:“tsche, tschkt , schreeh, tschrä“,“err“ [Link] Alarm call a harsh, dry and rolling "kraaaat". [Link]	♫
Marsh warbler ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Sehr ähnlich der obigen Art [Teichrohrsänger]. [Link] More defined pauses and staccato tempo, and lacks Icterine Warbler's nasal high-pitched calls. Differs from Blyth's Reed Warbler in fewer repetitions of each phrase, and lack of said species' whistling, arpeggio-like calls. Typical sequence is a hoarse, drawn "ti-chaaa". Alarm call a short "chepp" with clipped ending. [Link]	♫
Great reed warbler ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Rufe:“kerr“ (tief), „ tek“ [Link] Contact call a grating, dry "kirrrat", where each rolling r is discernable. Fairly concise motifs typically consisting of two deep mono- or disyllabic notes followed by a few higher tones. I.e: "kerek kerek, trii trii trii". Clamorous Reed Warbler differs in more diffuse motifs. [Link]	♫
Sedge warbler ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Rufe:“zäck“, „zieck“, „err“. [Link] Alarm call a hard "check". Anxiety call a dry and rolling "rrrrr". A mixture of musical sounds, expert mimicry and characteristic harsh and strident calls. Not as rhythmic and evenly paced as Reed Warbler, but varies tempo a lot. [Link]	♫
Tawny owl ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: typically followed by a slightly ascending, vibrating "hohohohohoho" and quickly another descending "hooooooo". Complete phrase: "hoooooo, hohohohohoho-hoooooo". May omit parts. [Link]	♫
Gadwall ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Males display-call a short dry rattling or croaking sound and some high whistling notes. Female quacking similar to Mallard, but drier and shriller. [Link]	♫
Corn bunting ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Calls with a dry "chep" or a brittle "vitt". [Link]	♫
Common reed bunting ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Contact call a sharp, descending and drawn "tseeeoo". A bit similar to Yellow Wagtail, but not as sharp and explosive. In migration a thick, and unmusical "chong" is often heard. [Link]	♫
Eurasian siskin ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Most often heard is the sharp and disyllabic contact call: "doo-lee", with both notes descending. Sometimes given a in monosyllabic manner "dlyy". [Link]	♫
Common tern ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Lacks latter's high pitched "tip-tip-tip" call, and the drawn out "kree-aaahh" call falls more distinctly in pitch. [Link]	♫
Great cormorant ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Coarse, vibrating calls "hahahahaharo". [Link]	♫
Common nightingale ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Alarm call either a thin, flycatcher-like "weeet", or a Chiff-chaff-like "piuu". Also a characteristic (but similar to Thrush Nighitingale) dry, rattling, frog-like "rrrrr". [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic

Coal tit ■■	simple rhythmic slow high (3-9 KHz) . Analyze stuff at XC vs my BirdNet 962 - several notes, not sure if all coal tit as BirdNet suggested. XC has two-note high-low alarm call but simple song-like calls too Call: Call: short soft and clear "piu", first rapidly rising and then falling in pitch. [Link]	♫
one note

Short-toed treecreeper ■■	one note slow high (5-7 KHz) . General: See the sonogram how the song may descend rapidly from 7Khz to and then climb from 5 to 5.75 KHz, a kind of reversed checkmark. However I find it hard to distinguish from a single note. I'm not a bird ;-( Call: calls with a loud (Wikipedia says shrill) “tyt tyt” [Link] Call: scharf „tiit, sri“ [Link]	♫
Eurasian treecreeper ■■	one note slow high (7-9 KHz) . General: Wikipedia says: The contact call is a very quiet, thin and high-pitched sit, but the most distinctive call is a penetrating tsree, with a vibrato quality, sometimes repeated as a series of notes. Fairly regularly spaced single tseep at 7-9KHz. Call: Contact call a drawn, high-pitched "tzreeee". Similar to Goldcrest in timbre, but of longer duration with a vibrating and slightly rolling tone. Generally repeated in evenly paced, slow series (unlike Goldcrest). [Link] Call: weniger scharf, „srih,“ weniger eindringlich als oben [Link] Contact call a drawn, high-pitched "tzreeee". Similar to Goldcrest in timbre, but of longer duration with a vibrating and slightly rolling tone. Generally repeated in evenly paced, slow series (unlike Goldcrest). Each phrase starts with a few contact call-like notes followed by a Willow Warbler-like descending part, which then jumps to a few descending high notes to form a marked conclusion. Note that "mixed singers" are not uncommon in areas where both species of treecreepers occur. [Link]	♫
sputter/pebble-clatter
Eurasian wren ■■	sputter/pebble-clatter one note slow high (3-8 KHz) . Sputtery/drippy/trilly repeated notes at 3-8 KHz. June 2022 heard check calls that were distinctly irregularly in their rhythm. Call: „zerr“ (z-und rr-gleichzeitig) auch durchdringendes „tzr“(Gezetter) [Link] Warning call a short hard "teck", like banging two rocks together. Often repeated in series when excited to form machine-gun-like "firing". [Link]	♫

Great spotted woodpecker ■■	one note slow low-high (1-8 KHz) . General: A chirping (that I couldn't associate in my mind with a woodpecker), repeated at somewhat irregular intervals of about a second 2023: klang in bird-song.ch Quiz wie eine lauter Haussperling Call: Nabu: Der häufigste Ruf ist ein kurzes und spitzes „kix“. Ist ein Buntspecht aufgebracht, etwa durch einen Artgenossen, kann man ein schnelles Schnarren hören. [Link] Call: Typically it lasts 0.5 seconds, sometimes slightly longer. Contact call frequently hear throughout the year. A short hiccup "kek", sometimes in series. When excited this may escalate into a trill. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic

Middle spotted woodpecker ■■	simple rhythmic slow medium (0-4 KHz) . Stattdessen ist in der Brutzeit das klagende Quäken zu hören, womit der Mittelspecht sein Revier markiert. [Link] Call: Contact and alarm call consists of a series of short "kitt" sounds, where the first syllable is clearer and distinctly in a higher pitch than the rest of the phrase. Seldom drums. [Link]	♫
one note

Black woodpecker ■■	one note slow low-high (1-8 KHz) . General: A loud unearthly call on a single unwavering note. Call: Drumming: Error loading Flash for sound! See sound file Flight call a characteristic resonant trill "krrreekrrreekrrreekrrree". A characteristic short, sharp and plaintive "keeaaa" with descending pitch often uttered when excited. A few slower drawn-out introductory calls before the phrase gets going is diagnostic. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic

Lesser spotted woodpecker ■■	simple rhythmic fast high (3-9 KHz) . Vogelwarte wie oben..hohe Rufreihen Call: Most common call a series of merlin-like "ke-ke-ke-ke-ke-ke" given at fairly stable pitch, and less hoarse than Merlin. Differs from Wryneck in lacking marked rise and fall in pitch, and being less plaintive. [Link]	♫
Eurasian green woodpecker ■■	simple rhythmic slow high (3-9 KHz) . Hysterical laughter. 7-8 loud urgent slightly falling notes, reminding me of George of the Jungle's dooky dooky bird for some reason. Call: Short "kek" calls when excited and in flight. Drumming of 1.5 seconds duration with decelerating tempo, but not often heard. Another call is similar to Black Woodpecker; a series of resonant "klit-klit-klit-klit-klit-klit", but is less clear, has a more determined start and has less obvious rising pitch at the end of each syllable. [Link]	♫
one note
rasp
Eurasian jay ■■	rasp one note slow medium (1-5 KHz) . Typically harsh jay call. I would say a contact call usually means 'Here I am', answered by 'Good, here I am.' Listening to two jays in the Swiss mountains of Toggenburg, it sounded like 'HEY IDIOT, HERE I AM...WHERE THE HECK ARE YOU?' 'WHAT? YOU HAVEN'T FIGURE IT OUT? OF COURSE I'M OVER HERE. PEABRAIN.' On the other hand, anthropomorphism is always dangerous, usually completely wrong approach. Call: Most heard call a short, drawn and very hoarse, raspy sound, often given in quick successions. Also a Buzzard-like, mewing "peeeaaa" (more drawn and less full tone than Siberian Jay). [Link]	♫


Common buzzard ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Most typical call a wailing, mewing "peeoooo". Quite similar to Rough-legged Buzzard, but the pitch falls more rapidly and is then sustained for the last part of the call. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic

Eurasian blue tit ■■	simple rhythmic slow high (3-9 KHz) . Low-high-high, with lightly raspy start, rather high. Call: Scolding alarm call: "tee-tee-tee-chirruwitt" similar to Great Tit. [Link]	♫
Common blackbird ■■	simple rhythmic slow medium (1-5 KHz) . - alarm callLoud falling series of notes, unlike anything else you hear from a blackbird Call: Je nach Situation, „duck duck duck“, „tix-tix-tix“ in rascher Folge, „srieh“ (auch als Flugwarnruf) [Link] Large repertoire of calls. Most characteristic is a hysterical rattle often given when flushed. Sometimes preceded by a hard "tok tok", which then accelerates into a panicky arpeggio-like crescendo. Contact call a thin redwing-like "srrreee". Alarm calls: a sharp "tink, tink" or a very high pitch falling whistle. [Link]	♫


House sparrow ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Most calls very similar to Tree Sparrow, but lacks said species' distinct high pitched call (chew-itt), and alarm call is less dry and raucous. [Link]	♫
non-musical
cawing
Red-billed chough ■■	cawing non-musical slow low (1-3 KHz) . Higher-pitched falling graak. Call: Ebird: Gives a variety of calls, including a loud “chaw!”, as well as higher-pitched gull-like mewing calls. [Link]	♫


Bohemian waxwing ❑❑	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Contact call weak, but distinct and typically alert one to the presence of a flock. A thin, high pitched, ringing "tzrrrrrrr". [Link]	♫
Common cuckoo ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: wie „kwickkwickkwick“, 6-8 dicht gereihte, fast metallisch klingende Laute, von unten her angeschlagen. Jungkuckucke betteln durchdringend „ssrieb“ [Link]	♫
non-musical
cawing
Hooded crow ■■	cawing non-musical slow medium (2-4 KHz) . Cawing is aggressive and more raucous than in Rook, with more rolling r's. [! [Link] Call: Many of these calls are surprisingly resonant and pleasant sounding, and sometimes resembles Raven. Probably impossible to tell from Carrion Crow with certainty by sound alone. [Link]
one note
whoop
Common starling ■■	whoop one note slow medium (1-6 KHz) . I hear this occasionally and really enjoy it - a long rising 'whoop', as I call it', starting low at 1 1/2 KHz and rising to 6 1/2 KHz! Call: Other calls; a harsh "chaee" and a short sharp "tink". [Link]	♫


Eurasian collared dove ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Excitement-call a nasal "wrrraa". [Link]	♫
Red kite ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Differs from Black Kite in being a clear whistle all the way through the call, without "shivering". Higher pitched than Buzzard, and with less pause between calls. [Link]	♫
Eurasian magpie ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Most notable sound a harsh, chattering "chechechecheche" used as warning call, or when mobbing predators. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic

Great tit ■■	simple rhythmic fast low-high (1-7 KHz) . Chuck-a-chuck-a-chuck, sometimes preceded by higher 'wheat!' Call: Generally more full-bodied and resonant calls than blue tit, and not so high-pitched. Characteristic Chaffinch-like "tink tink tink" often uttered by male. [Link]	♫
one note

European nuthatch twit ■■	one note fast low (2-3 KHz) . A long fast sequence of notes - is it the 'twit' call mentioned above? Call: Other: It gives loud calls when excited, an abrupt ‘twit”, only one, or in slow series, but often in phrases of 3-4 notes in rapid succession. But in great excitement, it utters phrases of about ten notes per second! We can also hear some shrill “sirrrr”, becoming harsher in alarm call. The contact call is a thin “tsit” uttered before to take off. [Link] The Eurasian nuthatch calls frequently, usually with a loud, sharp dwip normally repeated twice, sometimes more often if excited. It has a shrill sirrrr or tsi-si-si alarm call, and a thin tsit pre-flight call. [Link] Other: Very varied voice. Ranging from very high pitched whistles and melodic resonant calls, to chattering and nasal mocking sounds. Characteristic warning call a hard "check" or "chwit", often in rapid series, like a pebble bouncing on hollow ice. [Link] Ranging from very high pitched whistles and melodic resonant calls, to chattering and nasal mocking sounds. Characteristic warning call a hard "check" or "chwit", often in rapid series, like a pebble bouncing on hollow ice. [Link]	♫
sputter/pebble-clatter
European robin ■■	sputter/pebble-clatter one note slow high (4-9 KHz) . Personal: A single note usually repeated twice. Somewhat sputtery. BirdID refers to 'a thin, electric "tick". In one source said to be used as alarm call. Call: A variety of calls is also made at any time of year, including a ticking note indicating anxiety or mild alarm. [Link] Call: Alarm call a thin, electric "tick", often in series with decelerating tempo. [Link]	♫

Eurasian bullfinch ■■	one note slow low (2-3 KHz) . - contact calllaconic 1 note call w slight dip? Song NABU 1 parakeet like puppy-dog whining, NABU 2 whistles, 2-syllable peek-a-boo, ... Call: Contact call a soft, full-bodied, descending, pure whistle; "peeuu". [Link]	♫
whoop
Common chiffchaff ■■	whoop one note slow medium (2-4 KHz) . Repeated rising note, not too loud Call: Rufe :einsilbiges „hüid“, hinaufgezogen, wandelbar. [Link] Contact/alarm call a soft, plaintive ascending "hooeet". Similar to W.Warbler, but shorter with a monosyllabic feel. [Link]	♫

White wagtail ■■	one note slow high (3-7 KHz) . bird-song.ch: zweisilbig «zilipp» oder einsilbig «zipp» Call: Contact calls short and sharp. Usually with disyllabic, "bouncing" quality, and with each syllable only accented, not clearly separated from the other (see Grey Wagtail). [Link]	♫
swoop
Western yellow wagtail ■■	swoop one note slow high (3-9 KHz) . General: Single note repeated Song: sperling ähnliches lh lh lh. Dachte die wären melodisch?? Nein. BL chirpy ml ml [Link] Call: Contact call characteristic and widely used; a sharp, drawn out "pseeeoo" with an accented ending falling in pitch. A variable phrase with two or three notes resembling the contact call in timbre. [Link]	♫


Eurasian tree sparrow ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Distinct, high-pitched and explosive contact-call; "che-witt" typically given in flight. Second syllable rising rapidly in pitch. [Link]	♫
Common wood pigeon ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Other: Usual call has 5 coos: 2+1+2, contrasted with the collared dove's 3 = 2+1 [Link]	♫
one note
swoop
Dunnock ■■	swoop one note fast high (5-7 KHz) . Swooping staccato call 0.5 seconds long heard near Lendikon. Repeated irregularly after 1-3.5 seconds. Call: Hohe „zi“ „tsi“. Auf dem Zug „zieht“. Etwas absinkend.. [Link] Contact call a dry, thick trill "trrr", and a short King Fisher-like, high-pitched "zeep". [Link]	♫


Common house martin ■■	. - flight callAutomatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Contact call a rolling "krreet". Similar to Sand Martin but noticeably dryer, more rolling and less raucous. Typically varies the pitch of the call more. Warning call a sharp and plaintive "tsreee". [Link]	♫
Barn swallow ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Contact call a short and sharp "weet" or "kee-weet". [Link]	♫
Common kestrel ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Turmfalke kann auch wie einen Specht tönen, scharf und relativ hoch [Link] Most common call a fast series of short, high-pitched "ke-ke-ke". Much less raucous than Merlin or Peregrine. [Link]	♫
Eurasian sparrowhawk ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: wie „gigigi“. Ähnlichkeit mit Wendehals, aber klarer und schneller. Schneller auch als Grünspecht und tiefer als Turmfalke. [Link] Less resonant and less full than similar call of Goshawk, and much faster. Also a short "peeaaaa", shorter and more squeaky than Buzzard. [Link]	♫
non-musical

Grey heron ■■	non-musical slow low (1-3 KHz) . General: Mechanical-sounding sort-of-a-quack Call: Quite vocal. Most common call a short, far reaching and extremely harsh, rasping sound. At breeding ground a varied repertoire of harsh and clattering sounds. [Link] Call: Most common call a short, far reaching and extremely harsh, rasping sound. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic

Spotted flycatcher ■■	stereotype melodic slow high (4-7 KHz) . General: To me something between a one-note and an extremely simple melody, namely med-med chk-hi-med-med, with a very irregular speed, not at all like a metronome. Call: Most calls high pitched with a buzzing, "electric" timbre. [Link] Call: The discreet calls often goes unnoticed. Most calls high pitched with a buzzing, "electric" timbre. Alarm call a sharp, drawn "tzreeeee-check", with the second syllable abruptly clipping the sound. [Link]	♫
one note

White-throated dipper ■■	one note slow high (4-7 KHz) . Chirp repeated 1-2s. Call: Contact call a short, metallic and explosive "zrreet", often betraying its presence perched among boulders or when flying up and down a stream. [Link]	♫


European pied flycatcher ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Alarm call a sharp, energetic "wit", often in combination with a short "tic"; "whit-tic". Typically starts with disyllabic notes being repeated 3-5 times, diminishing in pitch and intensity like an echo of the first two syllables. Occasionally throws in a quick diagnostic ascending scale excercise. Clear notes and well defined pauses between phrases. [Link]	♫
Purple heron ■■	. - flight callAutomatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Pitch slightly higher and remains stable throughout the short call. Volume muffled and timbre drier. [Link]	♫
Pied avocet ❑❑	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Most common contact call a soft, short "kluitt" reminiscent of Ringed Plover, but harder and less varied. Also sometimes followed by repeated chattering: "kluitt-trt-trt-trt-trt-trt-trt". [Link]	♫
Osprey ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Calls with sequences of short, soft and clear whistling notes. Often in series with rising pitch, then ending with a few lower pitched notes. [Link]	♫
Little ringed plover ■■	. - flight callAutomatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Common calls are a two syllable "krrll-uuit" with a rising pitch or just a sharp, rolling "krrri-krrri". Also a longer rolling "krree-looo" with pitch rising in first syllable and falling in the second. [Link]	♫
Wood sandpiper ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Flight call a soft, but explosive "whiff whiff" , sometimes with only one syllable. Display call similar to redshank but with only two accented beats; a fast melodious "dee-loo", repeated in cycles. [Link]	♫
Eurasian hobby ■■	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Calls when courting and at breeding ground. Most common sound a high-pitched "tew-tew-tew". Similar to Wryneck, but less pleading. Also a sneezing "ktcho". [Link]	♫
Whiskered tern ❑❑	. - flight callAutomatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Contact call freely used and fairly distinct: An extremely hoarse, and rasping "krreek" in various moods. Timbre comparable to Corncrake. Sometimes uttered in stuttering series "kr-kr-kr-kr-kr". [Link]	♫
Zitting cisticola	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Alarm call a short, clipping "witt", repeated in series. [Link]	♫
Dartford warbler	. Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording Call: Contact call a diagnostic, very nasal "chirr", quite different from other Sylvia, and used freely. Warning call a har "tuc". Each phrase typicall starts and ends with a more tonal segment than the regular chattering. [Link]	♫

Practice

♫