Bird song classifiers for FOK Wald I

Bird	Description	Audio
simple rhythmic
Great tit llhllh ■■	simple rhythmic slow medium (1-5 KHz) . Said to have a repertoire as a species of 50 or more different songs, albeit simple ones, up to 10 per individual. Females prefer a male with a large repertoire. One two-note song sounds like a squeaky bed. Song: Nabu: Die erste Vogelart, die wir im Jahr hören, ist meistens die Kohlmeise mit ihrem typischen Läuten: "Zip Zäh" oder "Zip zip Zäh". [NABU Experte Lars Lachmann bei Deutschlandfunk Nova] Song highly variable, but usually consisting of two to three notes repeated in a motif. Same birds have many different motifs but generally repeat them many times before switching. Identified by its timbre and often metallic resonant quality, more than by actual phrasing (which is very variable). Often includes buzzing sounds in song. [Link]	♫
trill
Eurasian blue tit ■■	trill simple rhythmic slow high (3-9 KHz) . General: High-pitched, often descending (hhll), occasionally ascending. "Christina compares it to a ping-pong ball dropping. [In Januar singt die Kohlmeise als erster Vogel in Deutschland], dann kommt die Blaumeise dazu. Song: Song: Characteristic, clear, high-pitched, vibrating call. Usually introduced by a couple of accenting syllables, followed by ringing vibrating notes: "ti ti chuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhu". [Link]	♫
slur
European crested tit ■■	slur simple rhythmic fast high (3-9 KHz) . Higher-pitched than great tit - how distinguish from coal tit, etc? Song: Song: an improvisation over previously described calls. [Link]	♫
Marsh tit 1-Noter, Sumpf laenger als Kohl hhmmlll ■■	simple rhythmic fast low-high (2-10 KHz) . General: Higher-pitched than great tit, sometimes repetitive 1- and 2-note tunes like them, sometimes simple melodies, usually pure, sometimes chirpy or raspy. Song: 'Song: A simple one or two note call repeated in series. Usually rising slightly in pitch, and with a "liquid" quality.'. [Link] At bird-song.ch it's hl-rest-hl, or 7-8 2-noter swoops. bird-song.ch names lh-break-hl as a pistjä call and also has a series of 7 or 8 falling 'swoops'. [Link] Song: Klapperlied - 6-8 Noten 'angeschlagen' Klapperlied. Reihe (6-8) weich angeschlagene Töne mittlerer Höhe. Ähnlich der Klappergrasmücke aber weicher. (Sumpf ist weich) Oft auch Rufe wie „psja“ zu hören. Ziemlich scharf u. gepresst. [Link]	♫
non-musical
drumming
Great spotted woodpecker ■■	drumming non-musical fast low (1-3 KHz) . Song: Other: ‘Drumming’ is the sound that Great Spotted Woodpeckers make by hammering their bills against dead wood 10-20 times over 2-3 seconds. The sound resonates in the dead wood and can be heard over large distances. This drumming acts as an advert and is used by Great spotted Woodpeckers and other woodpecker species instead of a song. [From the GardenBird web site] Nabu: Manchmal, bei strahlendem Sonnenschein, fangen die Spechte schon im Dezember an zu trommeln. [NABU Vogel des Jahres 1997] Call: Nabu: Das bekannteste Geräusch des schwarz-weißen Spechtes ist aber wohl sein kurzes, aber häufiges Trommeln. [Link] In a sonogram I can see about 13 taps in just over half a second, but you can never distinguish so many. It's short but intense, and the second half trails off, especially contrasted with the constant drumming of the three-toed woodpecker. [[Listen here.]] Call: Typically it lasts 0.5 seconds, sometimes slightly longer. Contact call frequently hear throughout the year. A short hiccup "kek", sometimes in series. When excited this may escalate into a trill. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
drumming
Grey-headed woodpecker ■■	drumming simple rhythmic fast medium (0-4 KHz) . Drumming in lieu of song. Fast, constant, somehow less harsh than great and middle spotted woodpeckers. Song: Deutlich abfallende Tonreihe. 4-10 Töne. Absinken beginnt gewöhnlich erst mit dem dritten oder vierten Ton und wird etwas langsamer. Klingt etwas klagend (moll). Vor allem gegen den Schluss. Kann nachgepfiffen werden. (beim Grünspecht nicht ) [Link] Song similar to Green Woodpecker, but general tone is soft and melancholic. Phrases consists of series of 5-8 clear notes falling both in pitch and intensity, and with diagnostic ritardando at the end. Short "kek" uttered if excited. Rarely drums. [Link]	♫
Eurasian three-toed woodpecker ■■	drumming simple rhythmic fast low (1-3 KHz) . Fast drumming, constant volume, longer than great spotted woodpecker's. Call: Contact call similar to Great Spotted, but deeper and softer. Not very vocal. [Link]	♫
non-musical
Eurasian green woodpecker ■■	non-musical slow medium (1-6 KHz) . Spooky laugh. Song: Helles Lachen. Weiche, oft leicht abfallende Tonreihe. Variabel in Lautstärke und Silbenzahl. je nach Stimmung. Wenn abfallend dann vom Anfang der Rufreihe an. Auch dreisilbig „kiäckkiäckkiäck“. [Link] Song similar to Grey-headed Woodpecker, but not as soft and fluty. Each phrase consist of a series of short "klee", with a laughing quality. Pitch drops slightly throughout the phrase, but not as markedly as in Grey-headed, and tempo is fairly constant (no ritardando). [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
drumming
Lesser spotted woodpecker ■■	drumming simple rhythmic fast medium (0-4 KHz) . Drumming in lieu of song. Fast, constant. Call: Most common call a series of merlin-like "ke-ke-ke-ke-ke-ke" given at fairly stable pitch, and less hoarse than Merlin. Differs from Wryneck in lacking marked rise and fall in pitch, and being less plaintive. [Link]	♫
Middle spotted woodpecker ■■	Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording. Song: Im Gegensatz zu anderen Spechten trommelt der Mittelspecht nur sehr selten. [Link] Song is a series of short, mewing and nasal "peeaa peeaa peeaa ", where each syllable quickly rises in pitch, but the overall phrase is fairly constant. [Link]	♫
Black woodpecker ■■	Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording. Song: Beide Geschlechter ähnlich Grünspecht aber klangvoller. „klückklückklück“ 10-20 Laute. Die „klück“ werden etwas von unten heraufgeholt, vor allem gegen den Schluss zu. Häufiger hört man „kliüüh“ von am Stamme sitzenden Vogel. Bei Platzwechsel ruft er „krükrükrü“. [Link] Song a quick series of "klee" calls resembling Green Woodpecker, but with a purer tone and upward infliction at end of each syllable. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Dunnock ■■	stereotype melodic fast high (4-8 KHz) . General: High-pitched, repetitive but complex little tune, 3 seconds long with about 15 notes rising and falling, falling at the end, then 3 second pause. Song: Melodisch, slowly rising, roughly like black-cap warbler, which I guessed in the bird-song.ch quiz. [Link] Schnell wie ein Rotkehlchen aber nicht herunter plaetschernd, hoch und runter zwischen 3 und 7 kHz. [Link] Song: Singt schon im Vorfrühling. Klangfarbe ähnlich Gartenbaumläufer. Aufbau ähnlich Zaunkönig, aber ohne Triller. Viel leiser und dünner. [Link] Song a fast and evenly paced, high pitched stream of clear notes. No consistent phrasing. Similar in timbre to Robin, but does not vary tempo or pitch nearly as much. Often compared to the sound of a squeaky wheelbarrow. [Link]	♫
improvised melodic
fluting
European robin ■■	fluting improvised melodic fast high (3-9 KHz) . General: High pitched but also going low, e.g. 2.9-7.7 KHz. Song: Only for a short period in late summer while they are moulting and inconspicuous do robins stop singing. Both sexes sing. [RSPB article] Song: Song medium to very high pitched, with mostly clear tones with a liquid quality. Timbre reminiscent of Wren or Dunnock, but with a much more varied structure and tempo. Pitch ranges from very high to low, almost thrush-like, notes. No recognizable motifs. Often ends on a rising or falling pitch, giving it a "Chinese" accent. [Link]	♫
swoop
Song thrush ■■	swoop improvised melodic slow low-high (2-9 KHz) . Paced like a blackbird, humorous mix of elements like a nightingale. Huge range, elements from 2-5 KHz, others 6.5-9 KHz. Can sing for up to 50 minutes, and a male may know 100 melodies in its repertoire. Song: Klangfarbe ähnlich obiger Art [Amsel], aber jedes Element 2-4mal wiederholt, Pausen zwischen den Phrasen.(klingt oft wie „Philipp“, oder „Judith“) Einzige Drossel unseres Gebietes die diese Wiederholungen macht. Singt oft nicht von Baumspitze aus, sondern aus dem Geäst. [Link]	♫
non-musical
rattle
Mistle thrush ■■	rattle non-musical fast low-high (2-9 KHz) . Song: Die Stimme ist aehnlich wie die vom Pirol. [Link] Gesang ähnlich Amsel, aber eintöniger mit geringerem Tonumfang [auch kürzer, kein schnirpsliges Ende -- Bill] [Link] Song: Gesang ähnlich dem der Amsel, aber weniger abwechslungsreich und melancholisch, fast weinerlich klingend. Meist von Tannenspitze aus. [Link] Song loud, far reaching and melodic. Most similar to Blackbird, but pitch is higher, phrases shorter (3-6 notes) and most notably, pauses between phrases are much shorter. All which gives the song a much more hurried feel than that of the Blackbird. Timbre is thinner and slightly shivering, and tonal range more limited. May have recurring favourite motifs, but does not repeat phrases like Song Thrush. Sometimes adds higher pitched parts and imitations. [Link]	♫
rasp
Fieldfare ■■	rasp non-musical slow medium (1-6 KHz) . BirdID says song a mix of dry contact calls, BirdLife that it's almost only heard in flight. The XC recording is a bit of a chuckle to me. Song: Gesang nicht melodisch,aus gepressten, quietschenden Tönen bestehend, fast nur im Flug vorgetragen. [Link] Song a mix of dry contact calls; "trrrt trrrrt", and high pitched, drawn out, chattering improvisations. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Redwing down 6+chattering ■■	stereotype melodic slow medium (3-5 KHz) . Song delivered in two parts. First a simple, melodic phrase of 3 - 6 notes, usually followed by a more silent, indistinct, fast and less melodic, chattering sequence. First part highly variable from place to place, but constant in individuals. [Link] Song: Song delivered in two parts. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
Common chiffchaff ■■	simple rhythmic slow high (3-9 KHz) . Seems to consist of 3 notes repeated randomly, occasionally just 2 notes. Though NABU.de says they stop singing at the end of July, I do hear their 3-note song occasionally in October, but just one or two repetitions. Song: [Translated from German:] From the middle of August till the end of September the chiffchaff offers regular autumn song. [Link] Lange Reihen (6-20) von „zilp-zalp“-Rufen, meist abwechselnd in Tonhöhe. (Als bemühe sich der Sänger vergeblich den ersten Ton wieder zu treffen , ohne jedoch weit zu verfehlen.) „Zins zahl, Zins zahl, zahl Zins, Zins Zins zahl“ („Zins“ etwas höher als „zahl“) [Link] Song a very distinct: "chiff-chaff-chiff-chiff-chaff-chiff", in a regular clock-like rhythm. Each syllable at seemingly random pitch, but no large intervals tonally. Sometimes "get stuck" at one note. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Willow warbler Buchfink diva ■■	stereotype melodic fast high (3-9 KHz) . Song similar to common chaffinch but higher, faster, tendency to descend but with more ups and downs. Song: Reihe v. Pfeiflauten (ca 12) etwas abfallend. Klingt ähnlich Buchfink, aber etwas traurig, melancholisch, wie in moll-Tonart. [Link] By far most easily identified by it's call or song. Song: A 3-5 second, falling phrase of soft, rippling "svi-svi" sounds, starting high with some attack, and then falling in a mellow manner. The phrase lacks any conclusion, and diminishes both in strength and tempo. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
trill
Wood warbler ■■	trill simple rhythmic fast high (5-8 KHz) . Sid-sid-sid-sirrrr. 3 secs, then 5 secs pause. At bird-song.ch I hear a slow-fast one-noter, about 8 slow ones in 1.5 seconds, then a trill of 25 fast ones. Song: kurze Reihe (4-10) v. Stakkatotönen, gefolgt von abfallendem Schwirrroller. (Tönt wie das Anlassen eines Velosolex) Während des Gesanges schwebender Schwirrflug. Dazu hört man eine Reihe angenehmer Pfeiflaute wie „djü“ [Link] Song distinct. An accelerating series of sharp, metallic "swee-swee-swee-swee". Alternative (piping) song a series of 4-6 piping, plaintive and descending "pew - pew" calls. Resembles Willow Tit's song, but is softer with each note more evenly pitched. Contact call similar to individual syllables of piping song, but with heavier accent on the ending. [Link]	♫
one note
Western bonelli's warbler ■■	one note fast high (3-7 KHz) . Single note repeated 6 or 8 times quickly in half a second Song: Reihe(5-10) von gleichhohen Schlägen, ähnlich dem Schwirren der obigen Art [Waldlaubsänger], aber langsamer, einzelne Töne deutlich getrennt, etwas scheppernd. Kann mit Klappergrasmücke verwechselt werden) [Link]	♫
improvised melodic
mimicry
Black cap warbler hml ■■	mimicry improvised melodic fast medium (2-5 KHz) . They sometimes sing like a blackbird on speed - also non-stereotypic, seemingly improvised, in short bursts. Our local guy ends most of his songs with the same seven notes, which I find a good way to confirm the identification. In Ticino we often heard the 'Leiern' sound - the warblers would sing just the first 3 notes of a longer song, then stop. The order varied; high-medium-low I call 'Figaro' as in the opera, low-high-medium 'whiskey bar', as it sounded to me like the Kurt Weill lyrics, 'O-oh-show me-the-way to-the-next whis-ke-bar' - but the warbler usually stopped after 'way' or 'next' The British authors of The Sound Approach claim to hear 'a warblel and a whistle'. Song: Mit schwätzendem Vorgesang, (kann auch kurz sein oder ganz fehlen) der dann in klare, kräftige, zum Ende hin in wehmütige Flötentöne übergeht (Überschlag) [Link] Song pleasing, varied and loud. Sometimes very similar to Garden Warbler. A typical phrase starts with soft, staccato chattering and mimicry, which after a few seconds changes to a much louder, pure and resonant stream of notes for about 3-5 seconds. No fixed motif, but may end phrases with recurring notes. Often deviates from the characteristic type of song, and identification from song alone may be impossible. May sing first part of song for extended periods without ever reaching the characteristic ending. [Link]	♫
Garden warbler hm ■■	improvised melodic fast medium (1-5 KHz) . Song: Hard to distinguish from Mönchsgrasmücke/black cap, but they sing much longer and don't end with a typical short melody like the black caps. [Link] 'minutenlang anhaltenden, plaudernden und abwechslungsreichen Gesang' [Link] Song: Sprudelnd, orgelnd, die längsten Strophen aller hiesigen Grasmücken. Mit vielen reinen, volltönenden Tönen. Ohne Überschlag der Mönchsgrasmücke. [Link] Song: a full bodied, flowing, melodious stream of notes, distinguished by its almost constant, warbled quality and lack of clear whistling notes (see Blackcap). Tempo is fairly even. Beware confusion possibility with occasional subsong of Blackcap that never reaches the whistling part! Call a nasal "che". [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Goldcrest W=Winter=v.a. runter, dann wieder hoch, plus melodischer Schluss ■■	stereotype melodic slow high (6-8 KHz) . Vogelwarte.ch says high-pitched song that gently rises and falls. This song starts out with a repeated note. [Link] Song: Kurze Reihe von sehr hohen, leisen Tönen in auf-absteigender Tonhöhe, an das „W“-im Namen erinnernd. [Link] Song: a very high-pitched, undulating series of arpeggiated notes moving down and up again, repeated 4-5 times ending with a marked "conclusion" (like "trying to start a tiny motor and failing"). Timbre of song similar to contact call. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
Common firecrest Noten vom 'Sommer' steigen wie die Temperaturen ■■	simple rhythmic fast high (6-8 KHz) . Very high rhythmic repetition of about 3 seconds Song: Wie [beim Wintergoldhähnchen] aber auf gleicher Tonhöhe bleibend. [Link] Song: Similar in timbre to Goldcrest, but much more monotonous. [Link]	♫
improvised melodic
trill
Eurasian wren ■■	trill improvised melodic fast high (3-9 KHz) . General: High-pitched, melodic, very variable with many trills and whistles. At least 3 seconds long, switching low to high 6 times or more, always a trill in the mix. Der deutsche Kalendar fuer 2025 sagt, sie koennten ab Drei-Koenigs-Tag singen, d.h. ab 6. Januar. nabu.de sagt ab 1. Februar, Drei-Koenigs-Tag ist eventuell nur wegen dem Namen Zaunkoenig? Song: Auffällig laut für den kleinen Vogel. Singt auch im Winter! Schmetternd, mit einem bis zwei Trillern als letztes oder vorletztes Glied. [Link] Song surprisingly loud. A high-pitched stream of clear notes resembling Robin and Dunnock in timbre. Differs from those in showing frequent shifts in pitch with much larger register than Dunnock, and by the unique, numerous, interspersed long trills. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
European pied flycatcher Schwarzer Kopf aber nicht traurig ■■	stereotype melodic fast high (3-10 KHz) . Nice short melody, often with 2-note parts. Blackbird-like but little variation (though differs in dialect). Song: Song a pleasant, tuneful, simple but varied phrase. [Link]	♫
Collared flycatcher Mein Halsband, mein Halsband, er schnäppt ■❑	stereotype melodic fast high (3-7 KHz) . Simple tune...	♫
one note
European nuthatch 6x steigt, wie 6-Buchstaben 'Kleber' ll ■■	one note fast medium (1-5 KHz) . Song: Song a simple series of loud notes [Link] Song: Other: The song is very variable, with rising and falling notes, sometimes with repetition of excitement calls. [Link] The song is a slow whistled pee-pee-pee with many variants, including a faster version, and may be intermingled with the call. [Link] Other: Song a simple series of loud notes. [Link] Song a simple series of loud notes. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Short-toed treecreeper 'Gar-ten-baum-LÄU-FER' mlLh ■■	stereotype melodic slow high (4-7 KHz) . General: It sounds to me like a 5-7 note song like 'five k low high higher', 'short song in the gar-DEN'. The individual notes have the same backward checkmark shape as the call. It's basically the same across Europe. Song: The song of the nominate subspecies is an evenly spaced sequence of notes teet-teet-teet-e-roi-tiit. [Link] Its song is short, loud and rhythmic. [Link] [In comparison with the visually similar Eurasian treecreeper, it] has a clearer, louder more staccato contact call of ‘sreet’ or ‘sree’ and a short ‘wit’ during normal activity [Link] Song: Kurz u. bündig! (Gartenwege sind kurz.) Tonreihe am Schluss ansteigend. „Hesch du gseh woni bi? [Link] Song diagnostic, and introductory notes often used singly when interacting. Full song starts with one or two staccato introductory notes, the first higher pitched than the second, followed by a rapid, ascending crescendo ending in a drawn-out, less pure "sree". The tone is loud and much more penetrating and clear than C. familiaris. [Link]	♫
Eurasian treecreeper Waldwege sind lang ■■	stereotype melodic slow medium (1-5 KHz) . I say: it sounds like a faster higher chaffinch song. Wikipedia says: The male's song begins with srrih, srrih followed in turn by a few twittering notes, a longer descending ripple, and a whistle that falls and then rises. Song: Lang u. klar! (Waldwege sind lang). Tonreihe im Ganzen absinkend, nur letzter Ton höher. [Link] Song a short, continuous three-part phrase. [Link]	♫
Long-tailed tit Diddly doot-doot-doot-doot hhmll ■■	stereotype melodic slow high (3-9 KHz) . General: Meistens hoert man das Pfief...chk..chk..Pfief von den Rufen, siehe dort. Song: Nabu: Der Gesang ist ein feines Trillern und selten zu hören (someone at XenoCanto compares it to a blue tit trill). [Link] Song: Song: high tsee-tsee; funny downhill trill Song: Rapid, continuous, randomly composed sequence of bubbling,chirping sounds. [Link]	♫
non-musical
cawing, mimicry
Eurasian jay ■■	cawing, mimicry non-musical fast medium (1-5 KHz) . Harsh crow-like call, or quiet questioning, 'grumbling', or plaintive cries. Song: Quiet and varied subsong with mimicry, resembling a small passerine heard from both sexes. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Eurasian golden oriole ■■	stereotype melodic slow low (0-1 KHz) . A soft, lowish whistling. In my opinion, the golden oriole has a beautiful voice, but no imagination as to melody - it's always the same few notes. Song: Varied repertoire, but song and common contact call very distinct. Song a series of 1-2 seconds long phrases of 3-5 yodeling, clear, fluting notes, interspersed with 2-3 second pauses. Tone very full-bodied, melodic and pleasing. [Link]	♫
Common chaffinch mmmmmmmmLlhH ■■	stereotype melodic slow medium (1-5 KHz) . General: A medium long phrase that slowly descends (I think of it bouncing down a staircase), then usually takes a jump up before a final descent. Song: In Bavaria the mnemonic for the typical chaffinch song is: „Ich hätte gerne ein Weizenbier“, i.e. "I'd like another Weizenbier". [DasHaus] Song: Song a falling 5 sec. phrase "zitt-zitt-chep-chepp-chu-chu-churrurrwitt". Structurally similar to Willow Warbler, but with a conclusive, ascending and accented ending, and with a much harder, finch-like, timbre. [Link]	♫
simple rhythmic
rasp
Brambling ■■	rasp simple rhythmic slow medium (1-5 KHz) . General: Bergfink - call cheep plus two ascending Grünfink squawks. Song? Grünfink squawk but not descending, every 3-4 seconds. Song: Song very distinct; a soft, wheezing, drawn-out single note. Repeated at the same pitch in a monotonous manner. [Link] Song: Song very distinct; a soft, wheezing, drawn-out single note. Repeated at the same pitch in a monotonous manner. [Link]	♫
Hawfinch ■■	Automatically generated from Xeno-Canto recording. Call: Most typical call a sharp and explosive "tzek", with abrupt, emphasized, cut-off ending. Quite similar to Robin, but harder, with each syllable marginally longer with a slightly wheezing timbre. Repetitions are slower and more singular than Robin. Diagnostic when interspersed with high frequency notes. [Link]	♫
stereotype melodic
Eurasian bullfinch ■■	stereotype melodic slow low-high (2-8 KHz) . 3-note long M, pause, HL (somewhat falling)...Gim! Gim-peeel! Sounds a bit like a pirol. Song: Song a quiet, modest mix of contact call and various chirping sounds, with peculiar harmonics. [Link]	♫
Red crossbill ■■	stereotype melodic slow low-high (2-10 KHz) . Repeated hi-low pattern...well, doesn't always sound like that. The very short beginning of my Stazersee recording before the static sets in does, as well as a song found online. One recording reminds me of cicada sounds. Song: The song consist of improvised, resonant twittering, and series of contact calls with no apparent phrases. It is generally faster, with less marked pauses than in Parrot Crossbill, and the phrasing seems more random. [Link]	♫

Practice

Birds with insufficient information about songs/calls